Significance and Use
The procedure for estimating long-term hydrostatic strength or pressure-strength is essentially an extrapolation with respect to time of a stress-time or pressure-time regression line based on data obtained in accordance with Test Method D 1598
Note 3—Test temperatures should preferably be selected from the following: 40°C; 50°C; 60°C; 80°C; 100°C. It is strongly recommended that data also be generated at 23°C for comparative purposes.
The hydrostatic or pressure design basis is determined by considering the following items and evaluating them in accordance with 5.4.
Long-term hydrostatic strength or hydrostatic pressure-strength at 100 000 h,
Long-term hydrostatic strength or hydrostatic pressure-strength at 50 years, and
Stress that will give 5 % expansion at 100 000 h.
The intent is to make allowance for the basic stress-strain characteristics of the material, as they relate to time.
Results obtained at one temperature cannot, with any certainty, be used to estimate values for other temperatures. Therefore, it is essential that hydrostatic or pressure design bases be determined for each specific kind and type of plastic compound and each temperature. Estimates of long-term strengths of materials can be made for a specific temperature provided that calculated values, based on experimental data, are available for temperatures both above and below the temperature of interest.
Hydrostatic design stresses are obtained by multiplying the hydrostatic design basis values by a service (design) factor.
Pressure ratings for pipe may be calculated from the hydrostatic design stress (HDS) value for the specific material used to make the pipe, and its dimensions using the equations in 3.1.11.
4.5.1 Pressure ratings for multilayer pipe may be calculated by multiplying the pressure design basis (PDB) by the appropriate design factor (DF).
Scope
1.1 This test method describes two essentially equivalent procedures: one for obtaining a long-term hydrostatic strength category based on stress, referred to herein as the hydrostatic design basis (HDB); and the other for obtaining a long-term hydrostatic strength category based on pressure, referred to herein as the pressure design basis (PDB). The HDB is based on the material's long-term hydrostatic strength (LTHS),and the PDB is based on the product's long-term hydrostatic pressure-strength (LTHSP). The HDB is a material property and is obtained by evaluating stress rupture data derived from testing pipe made from the subject material. The PDB is a product specific property that reflects not only the properties of the material(s) from which the product is made, but also the influence on product strength by product design, geometry, and dimensions and by the specific method of manufacture. The PDB is obtained by evaluating pressure rupture data. The LTHS is determined by analyzing stress versus time-to-rupture (that is, stress-rupture) test data that cover a testing period of not less than 10 000 h and that are derived from sustained pressure testing of pipe made from the subject material. The data are analyzed by linear regression to yield a best-fit log-stress versus log time-to-fail straight-line equation. Using this equation, the material's mean strength at the 100 000-h intercept (LTHS) is determined by extrapolation. The resultant value of the LTHS determines the HDB strength category to which the material is assigned. The LTHSP is similarly determined except that the determination is based on pressure versus time data that are derived from a particular product. The categorized value of the LTHSP is the PDB. An HDB/PDB is one of a series of preferred long-term strength values. This test method is applicable to all known types of thermoplastic pipe materials and thermoplastic piping products. It is also applicable for any practical temperature and medium that yields stress-rupture data that exhibit an essentially straight-line relationship when plotted on log stress (pound-force per square inch) or log pressure (pound-force per square in. gage) versus log time-to-fail (hours) coordinates, and for which this straight-line relationship is expected to continue uninterrupted through at least 100 000 h.
1.2 Unless the experimentally obtained data approximate a straight line, when calculated using log-log coordinates, it is not possible to assign an HDB/PDB to the material. Data that exhibit high scatter or a “knee” (a downward shift, resulting in a subsequently steeper stress-rupture slope than indicated by the earlier data) but which meet the requirements of this test method tend to give a lower forecast of LTHS/LTHSP. In the case of data that exhibit excessive scatter or a pronounced “knee,” the lower confidence limit requirements of this test method are not met and the data are classified as unsuitable for analysis.
1.3 A fundamental premise of this test method is that when the experimental data define a straight-line relationship in accordance with this test method's requirements, this straight line may be assumed to continue beyond the experimental period, through at least 100 000 h (the time intercept at which the material's LTHS/LTHSP is determined). In the case of polyethylene piping materials, this test method includes a supplemental requirement for the “validating” of this assumption. No such validation requirements are included for other materials (see Note 1). Therefore, in all these other cases, it is up to the user of this test method to determine based on outside information whether this test method is satisfactory for the forecasting of a material's LTHS/LTHSP for each particular combination of internal/external environments and temperature.
Note 1—Extensive long-term data that have been obtained on commercial pressure pipe grades of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polybutlene (PB), and cross linked polyethlene (PEX) materials have shown that this assumption is appropriate for the establishing of HDB's for these materials for water and for ambient temperatures. Refer to Note 2 and Appendix X1 for additional information.
1.4 The experimental procedure to obtain individual data points shall be as described in Test Method D 1598
1.5 General references are included at the end of this test method.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered the standard.
Note 2—Over 3000 sets of data, obtained with thermoplastic pipe and piping assemblies tested with water, natural gas, and compressed air, have been analyzed by the Plastic Pipe Institute's (PPI) Hydrostatic Stress Board . None of the currently commercially offered compounds included in PPI TR-4, “PPI Listing of Hydrostatic Design Bases (HDB), Pressure Design Bases (PDB), Strength Design Bases (SDB), and Minimum Required Strength (MRS) Ratings for Thermoplastic Piping Materials or Pipe” exhibit knee-type plots at the listed temperature, that is, deviate from a straight line in such a manner that a marked drop occurs in stress at some time when plotted on equiscalar log-log coordinates. Ambient temperature stress-rupture data that have been obtained on a number of the listed materials and that extend for test periods over 120 000 h give no indication of “knees.” However, stress-rupture data which have been obtained on some thermoplastic compounds that are not suitable or recommended for piping compounds have been found to exhibit a downward trend at 23°C (73°F) in which the departure from linearity appears prior to this test method's minimum testing period of 10 000 h. In these cases, very low results are obtained or the data are found unsuitable for extrapolation when they are analyzed by this test method.
Extensive evaluation of stress-rupture data by PPI and others has also indicated that in the case of some materials and under certain test conditions, generally at higher test temperatures, a departure from linearity, or “down-turn”, may occur beyond this test method's minimum required data collection period of 10 000 h. A PPI study has shown that in the case of polyethylene piping materials that are projected to exhibit a “down-turn” prior to 100 000 h at 73°F, the long-term field performance of these materials is prone to more problems than in the case of materials which have a projected “down-turn” that lies beyond the 100 000-h intercept. In response to these observations, a supplemental “validation” requirement for PE materials has been added to this test method in 1988. This requirement is designed to reject the use of this test method for the estimating of the long-term strength of any PE material for which supplemental elevated temperature testing fails to validate this test method's inherent assumption of continuing straight-line stress-rupture behavior through at least 100 000 h at 23°C (73°F).
When applying this test method to other materials, appropriate consideration should be given to the possibility that for the particular grade of material under evaluation and for the specific conditions of testing, particularly, when higher test temperatures and aggressive environments are involved, there may occur a substantial “down-turn” at some point beyond the data collection period. The ignoring of this possibility may lead to an overstatement by this test method of a material's actual LTHS/LTHSP. To obtain sufficient assurance that this test method's inherent assumption of continuing linearity through at least 100 000 h is appropriate, the user should consult and consider information outside this test method, including very long-term testing or extensive field experience with similar materials. In cases for which there is insufficient assurance of the continuance of the straight-line behavior that is defined by the experimental data, the use of other test methods for the forecasting of long-term strength should be considered (see Appendix X1).
