Significance and Use
5.1 These are accelerated engine oil tests (known as the 1K and 1N test procedures), performed in a standardized, calibrated, stationary single-cylinder diesel engine using either mass fraction 0.4 % sulfur fuel (1K test) or mass fraction 0.04 % sulfur fuel (1N test), that give a measure of (1) piston and ring groove deposit forming tendency, (2) piston, ring and liner scuffing and (3) oil consumption.
5.2 The 1K test was correlated with vehicles equipped with certain multi-cylinder direct injection engines used in heavy duty and high speed service prior to 1989, particularly with respect to aluminum piston deposits, and oil consumption, when fuel sulfur was nominally mass fraction 0.4 %. These data are given in Research Report RR:D02-1273.9
5.3 The 1N test has been used to predict piston deposit formation in four-stroke cycle, direct injection, diesel engines that have been calibrated to meet 1994 U.S. federal exhaust emission requirements for heavy-duty engines operated on fuel containing less than mass fraction 0.05 % sulfur. See Research Report RR:D02-1321.9
5.4 These test methods are used in the establishment of diesel engine oil specification requirements as cited in Specification D4485 for appropriate API Performance Category oils (API 1509).
5.5 These test methods are also used in diesel engine oil development.
Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the performance of engine oils intended for use in certain diesel engines. They are performed in a standardized high-speed, single-cylinder diesel engine by either the 1K (0.4 % mass fuel sulfur) or 1N (0.04 % mass fuel sulfur) procedure.3 The only difference in the two test methods is the fuel used. Piston and ring groove deposit-forming tendency and oil consumption are measured. Also, the piston, the rings, and the liner are examined for distress and the rings for mobility. These test methods are required to evaluate oils intended to satisfy API service categories CF-4 and CH-4 for 1K, and CG-4 for 1N of Specification D4485.
1.2 These test methods, although based on the original Caterpillar 1K/1N procedures,3 also embody TMC information letters issued before these test methods were first published. These test methods are subject to frequent change. Until the next revision of these test methods, TMC will update changes in these test methods by the issuance of information letters which shall be obtained from TMC (see Annex A1 – Annex A4).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 Exception—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as screw threads, national pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or single source equipment specified. Also Brake Specific Fuel Consumption is measured in kilograms per kilowatthour.
1.4 The following is the Table of Contents:
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| Section |
| Introduction |
| |
| Scope | 1 | |
| Referenced documents | 2 | |
| Terminology | 3 | |
| Summary of Test Methods | 4 | |
| Significance and Use | 5 | |
| Apparatus | 6 | |
|
| General Laboratory Requirements | 6.1 |
|
| Test Engine | 6.2 |
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| Test Engine Accessories and Parts | 6.3 |
| Reagents and Materials | 7 | |
| Test Oil Sample Requirements | 8 | |
| Preparation of Apparatus | 9 | |
|
| Engine Inspection | 9.1 |
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| Engine Pre-Test Lubrication System Flush | 9.2 |
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| Engine Pre-Test Measurements and Inspections | 9.3 |
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| Engine Assembly | 9.4 |
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| Pressure Testing of Fuel System Assembly | 9.5 |
| Calibration of Engine Test Stand | 10 | |
|
| General Requirements and Frequency of Calibration | 10.1 |
|
| Runs | 10.2 |
|
| Specified Test Parameters | 10.3 |
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| Calibration Test Acceptance Criteria | 10.4 |
|
| Action on Rejection of Calibration Test | 10.5 |
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| Test Numbering | 10.6 |
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| Reference Oils | 10.7 |
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| Severity Adjustments | 10.8 |
| Engine Operating Procedure | 11 | |
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| Engine Run-In | 11.1 |
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| Cool-Down Procedure | 11.2 |
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| Warm-Up Procedure | 11.3 |
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| Operating Conditions and Oil Additions | 11.4 |
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| Measurement of Oil Consumption | 11.5 |
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| Sampling Used Oil | 11.6 |
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| Shutdowns, Lost Time and Off Tolerance Conditions | 11.7 |
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| Recording of Exhaust Temperature | 11.8 |
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| Air-Fuel Ratio Measurement | 11.9 |
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| Recording of Engine Conditions | 11.10 |
|
| Humidity Requirements/Calibration/Measurement | 11.11 |
| Inspections, Photographs and Measurements | 12 | |
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| Reference to Reporting Form | 12.1 |
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| Pre-Test Measurements of Engine Parts | 12.2 |
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| Post-Test Information | 12.3 |
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| Oil Inspections | 12.4 |
| Report | 13 | |
|
| General Directions | 13.1 |
|
| Electronic Transmission of Test Results (Optional) | 13.12 |
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| Reporting Calibration Test Results | 13.13 |
| Precision and Bias | 14 | |
| Keywords | 15 | |
|
| ANNEXES |
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| ASTM Test Monitoring Center Organization | Annex A1 | |
| ASTM Test Monitoring Center: Calibration Procedures | Annex A2 | |
| ASTM Test Monitoring Center: Maintenance Activities | Annex A3 | |
| ASTM Test Monitoring Center: Related Information | Annex A4 | |
| Specifications for Test Engine and Engine Build | Annex A5 | |
| Intake Air System Details | Annex A6 | |
| Exhaust System Details | Annex A7 | |
| Cooling System Details | Annex A8 | |
| Oil System Modifications and Instrument Locations | Annex A9 | |
| Other Pressure and Temperature Measurement Locations | Annex A10 | |
| Oil Consumption Linear Regression Method | Annex A11 | |
| Test Fuel Specifications | Annex A12 | |
| Lubrication System, Flush Apparatus and Procedure | Annex A13 | |
| Engine Operating Conditions | Annex A14 | |
| Procedure for Rating Piston and Liner | Annex A15 | |
| Calculation of Percent Offset and Percent Deviation | Annex A16 | |
| 1K/1N Test Reporting | Annex A17 | |
| Parts List by Part Number (P/N) and Warranty | Annex A18 | |
| Safety Precautions | Annex A19 | |
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| APPENDIXES |
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| Humidity Data | Appendix X1 | |
| Statistical Equations for Mean and Standard Deviation | Appendix X2 | |
| Examples of Forms for Reporting | Appendix X3 | |
| Optional Recording of Oil Pass Limits | Appendix X4 | |
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements appear throughout the text. Being engine tests, these test methods do have definite hazards that shall be met by safe practices (see Annex A19 on Safety Precautions).
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
