Significance and Use
5.1 The burnup of an irradiated nuclear fuel can be determined from the amount of a fission product formed during irradiation. Among the fission products, 148Nd has the following properties to recommend it as an ideal burnup indicator:
5.1.1 It is not volatile, does not migrate in solid fuels below their recrystallization temperature, and has no volatile precursors.
5.1.2 It is nonradioactive and requires no decay corrections.
5.1.3 It has a low destruction cross section and formation from adjacent mass chains can be corrected for.
5.1.4 It has good emission characteristics for mass analysis.
5.1.5 Its fission yield is nearly the same for 235U and 239Pu and is essentially independent of neutron energy (6).
5.1.6 It has a shielded isotope, 142Nd, which can be used for correcting natural Nd contamination.
5.1.7 It is not a normal constituent of unirradiated fuel.
5.2 The analysis of 148Nd in irradiated fuel does not depend on the availability of preirradiation sample data or irradiation history. Atom percent fission is directly proportional to the 148Nd-to-fuel ratio in irradiated fuel. However, the production of 148Nd from 147Nd by neutron capture will introduce a systematic error whose contribution must be corrected for. In power reactor fuels, this correction is relatively small. In test reactor irradiations where fluxes can be very high, this correction can be substantial (see Table 1).
5.3 The test method can be applied directly to U fuel containing less than 0.5 % initial Pu with 1 to 100 GW days/metric ton burnup. For fuel containing 5 to 50 % initial Pu, increase the Pu content by a factor of 10 to 100, respectively in both reagents 6.3 and 6.4.
Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of stable fission product 148Nd in irradiated uranium (U) fuel (with initial plutonium (Pu) content from 0 to 50 %) as a measure of fuel burnup (1-3).2
1.2 It is possible to obtain additional information about the uranium and plutonium concentrations and isotopic abundances on the same sample taken for burnup analysis. If this additional information is desired, it can be obtained by precisely measuring the spike and sample volumes and following the instructions in Test Method E267.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
