Significance and Use
4.1 The inclusion of the following paragraph, or a suitable equivalent, in any standard (preferably after the section on Scope) is due notification that the apparatus and reagents required in that standard are subject to the recommendations set forth in these practices.
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| “Apparatus and Reagents—Apparatus and reagents required for each determination are listed in separate sections preceding the procedure. Apparatus, standard solutions, and certain other reagents shall conform to the requirements prescribed in ASTM Practices E50, for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Considerations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials.” |
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TABLE 1 Chemical Reagents Specified in ASTM Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals
| Name | Formula |
| * Acetic acid | CH3COOH |
| Acetone | CH3COCH3 |
| Acetylacetone (2,4-pentanedione) | CH3COCH2COCH3 |
| Alizarin-Red-S | C6H4COC6H-1,2-(OH)2-3-SO3NaCO |
| Aluminon (aurintricarboxylic acid-ammonium salt) | (4-HOC6H3-3-COONH4)2C:C6H-3-(COONH4):O |
| Aluminum metal (99.9 % min) | Al |
| * Aluminum metal (sheet or rolled foil) | Al |
| Aluminum ammonium sulfate | Al2(NH4)2(SO4)4·24H2O |
| Aluminum nitrate | Al(NO3)3·9H2O |
| Aluminum sulfate | Al2(SO4)3·18H2O |
| Aluminum oxide, fused (Alundum) |
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| 1-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid | NH2C10H5(OH)SO3H |
| Ammonium acetate | CH3COONH4 |
| Ammonium benzoate | C6H5COONH4 |
| Ammonium bifluoride | NH4FHF |
| Ammonium bisulfate | NH4HSO4 |
| Ammonium bisulfite | NH4HSO3 |
| Ammonium carbonate | (NH4)2CO3 |
| * Ammonium chloride | NH4Cl |
| * Ammonium citrate | CH2(COONH4)C(OH)(COOH)CH2COONH4 |
| Ammonium fluoride | NH4F |
| * Ammonium hydroxideA | NH4OH |
| Ammonium iodide | NH4I |
| Ammonium molybdate | (NH4)2MoO4 |
| * Ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate | (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O |
| Ammonium nitrate | NH4NO3 |
| * Ammonium oxalate | NH4OCOCOONH4·H2O |
| * Ammonium phosphate, dibasic (diammonium acid phosphate) | (NH4)2HPO4 |
| * Ammonium persulfate (ammonium peroxydisulfate) | (NH4)2S2O8 |
| * Ammonium sulfate | (NH4)2SO4 |
| * Ammonium tartrate | NH4OCO(CHOH)2COONH4 |
| Ammonium thiocyanate | NH4SCN |
| Ammonium vanadate | NH4VO3 |
| Antimony metal (powder) | Sb |
| Antimony trichloride | SbCl3 |
| * Arsenic trioxide | As2O3 |
| Asbestos (for use with Gooch crucible) |
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| Barium Chloride | BaCl2·2H2O |
| Barium diphenylamine sulfonate | (C6H5NHC6H4-4-SO3)2Ba |
| * Benzoic acid | C6H5COOH |
| α-Benzoin oxime (benzoin anti-oxime) | C6H5CHOHC:NOHC6H5 |
| Beryllium sulfate | BeSO4·4H2O |
| Bismuth metal (99.9 % min) | Bi |
| Boric acid | H3BO3 |
| Bromocresol green (3′,3",5′,5"-tetrabromo-m-cresolsulfonephthalein) | C6H4SO2OC(C6H-3,5-Br2-2-CH3-4-OH)2 |
| Bromocresol purple (5′,5"-Dibromo-o-cresolsulfonephthalein) | C6H4SO2OC(C6H2-3-CH3-5-Br-4-OH)2 |
| Bromine (liquid) | Br2 |
| Bromophenol blue (3′,3",5′,5"-tetrabromophenolsulfonephthalein) | C6H4SO2OC(C6H2-3,5-Br2-4-OH)2 |
| 1-Butanol | CH3CH2CH2CH2OH |
| Butyl acetate (normal) | CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH3 |
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| * Cadmium chloride | CdCl2·21/2 H2O |
| Cadmium chloride, anhydrous | CdCl2 |
| * † Calcium carbonate (low-boron) | CaCO3 |
| Carbon dioxide (gas) | CO2 |
| Carbon dioxide (solid) | CO2 |
| Carbon tetrachloride | CCl4 |
| Carminic acid | 1,3,4-(HO)3-2-C6H11O6C6COC6H-5-COOH-6-OH-8-CH3CO |
| * Chloroform | CHCl3 |
| Cinchonine | C19H22N2O |
| Citric acid | HOC(COOH)(CH2COOH)2 |
| Cobalt metal | Co |
| Cobalt sulfate | CoSO4 |
| Coke |
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| Congo red test paper |
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| Copper metal (99.9 % min) | Cu |
| * Copper metal (powder or turnings) | Cu |
| Copper metal (P-free) | Cu |
| Copper metal (Mn, Ni, and Co-free, less than 0.001 % of each) | Cu |
| Copper-rare earth oxide mixture |
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| m-Cresol purple (m-cresolsulfonephthalein) | C6H4SO2OC(C6H3-2-CH3-4-OH)2 |
| Cupferron | C6H5N(NO)ONH4 |
| Cupric chloride | CuCl2·2H2O |
| * Cupric nitrate | Cu(NO3)2·3H2O |
| * Cupric oxide (powder) | CuO |
| Cupric potassium chloride | CuCl2·2KCl·2H2O |
| * Cupric sulfate | CuSO4·5H2O |
| Curcumin | (2-CH3OC6H3-1-OH-4-CH:CHCO)2CH2 |
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| Devarda's alloy | 50Cu-45Al-5Zn |
| Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ([[(carboxymethyl)imino]bis(ethylenenenitrilo)] | ((HOCOCH2)2NCH2CH2)2NCH2COOH |
| * Dimethylglyoxime | CH3C:NOHC:NOHCH3 |
| N,N′ Diphenylbenzidine | C6H5NHC6H4C6H4NHC6H5 |
| Diphenylcarbazide (1,5-diphenylcarbohydrazide) | C6H5NHNHCONHNHC6H5 |
| * Disodium (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetate dihydrate | See (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid disodium salt |
| Dithiol (toluene-3,4-dithiol) | CH3C6H3(SH)2 |
| Dithizone (diphenylthiocarbazone) | C6H5NHNHCSN:NC6H5 |
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| Eriochrome black-T (1(1-hydroxy-2-naphthylazo)-6-nitro-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt) | 1-HOC10H6-2-N:N-1-C10H4-2-OH-4-SO3Na-6-NO2 |
| * EDTA (Disodium salt) | See (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid disodium salt |
| * Ethanol | C2H5OH |
| * Ethyl ether (diethyl ether) | C2H5OC2H5 |
| * (Ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid disodium salt | HOCOCH2(NaOCOCH2)NCH2N(CH2COONa)CH2COOH·2H2O |
| Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxy-ethanol) | CH3OCH2CH2OH |
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| * Ferric chloride | FeCl3·6H2O |
| * Ferric nitrate | Fe(NO3)3·9H2O |
| Ferric sulfate | Fe2(SO4)3·nH2O |
| * Ferrous ammonium sulfate | Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O |
| * Ferrous sulfate | FeSO4·7H2O |
| Fluoroboric acid | HBF4 |
| Fluorescein, sodium salt | 2NaOCOC6H4C:C6H3-3(:O)OC6H3-6-ONa |
| Formaldehyde | HCHO |
| * Formic acidA | HCOOH |
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| Gelatin |
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| Graphite | C |
| Glass wool |
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| Glycerol | CH2OHCHOHCH2OH |
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| Hydrazine sulfate | NH2NH2·H2SO4 |
| * Hydrobromic acidA | HBr |
| * Hydrochloric acidA | HCl |
| * Hydrofluoric acidA | HF |
| Hydrogen chloride gas | HCl |
| * Hydrogen peroxide | H2O2 |
| Hydrogen sulfide gas | H2S |
| Hydroquinone | 1,4-(OH)2C6H4 |
| * Hydroxylamine hydrochloride | NH2OH·HCl |
| * Hypophosphorous acidB | H3PO2 |
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| Invert sugar |
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| * Iodine | I2 |
| Iron metal or wire (99.8 % min) | Fe |
| Isopropyl ether | (CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2 |
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| Lead metal | Pb |
| * Lead acetate | Pb(CH3COO)2 |
| Lead chloride | PbCl2 |
| * Lead nitrate | Pb(NO3)2 |
| Litmus |
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| Lithium fluoride | LiF |
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| Magnesium metal (Sn-free) | Mg |
| Magnesium perchlorate, anhydrous | Mg(ClO4)2 |
| * Magnesium sulfate | MgSO4·7H2O |
| Manganese metal (99.8 % min) | Mn |
| Manganous nitrate | Mn(NO3)2 |
| Manganous sulfate | MnSO4·H2O |
| Mannitol | CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH |
| Marble chips |
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| * Mercuric chloride | HgCl2 |
| * Mercury | Hg |
| * Methanol | CH3OH |
| Methyl isobutyl ketone (4-methyl-2-pentanone) | CH3COCH2CH(CH3)2 |
| * Methyl orange (p[[p-dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt) | 4-NaOSO2C6H4N:NC6H4-4-N(CH3)2 |
| Methyl purple | formula unknown, patented |
| * Methyl red (o -[[(p-dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]benzoic acid) | 4-(CH3)2NC6H4N:NC6H4-2-COOH |
| Molybdenum metal (99.8 % min) | Mo |
| Molybdic acid, anhydride (molybdenum trioxide) | MoO3 |
| Molybdic acid (ammonium paramolybdate) | Assay: as MoO3—85 % |
| Morin, anhydrous (2′,3,4′,7-penta hydroxyflavone) | 5,7-(HO)2C6H2 OC(C6H3-2,4-(OH)2):C(OH)CO |
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| β-Naphthoquinoline (5,6-benzoquinoline) | C10H6CH:CHCH:N |
| Neocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) | (CH3)2C12H6N2·12H2O |
| Nickel metal (99.8 % min) | Ni |
| Nickel metal (sheet) | Ni |
| Nickelous nitrate | Ni(NO3)2·6H2O |
| Nickelous sulfate | NiSO4·6H2O |
| * Nitric acidA | HNO3 |
| Nitrogen gas (oxygen-free) | N2 |
| Nitrogen, liquid | N2 |
| m-Nitrophenol | NO2C6H4OH |
| 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol(α-nitroso-β-naphthol) | NOC10H6OH |
| Nitroso-R-salt (1-nitroso-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid disodium salt) | 1-NOC10H4-2-(OH)-3,6-(SO3Na)2 |
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| Osmium tetraoxide | OsO4 |
| Oxalic acid | (COOH)2 |
| Oxygen gas | O2 |
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| * Perchloric acidA | HClO4 |
| 1,10-Phenanthroline (o -phenanthroline) | CH:CHCH:NC:CCH:CHC:CN:CHCH:CH·H2O |
| * Phenolphthalein | C6H4COOC(C6H4-4-OH)2 |
| * Phosphoric acid | H3PO4 |
| Piperidine | NH(CH2)4CH2 |
| Platinized quartz |
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| Platinized silica gel |
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| Platinum gauze | Pt |
| * Potassium biphthalate | 1-KOCOC6H4-2-COOH |
| Potassium bisulfate | KHSO4 |
| * Potassium bromate | KBrO3 |
| * Potassium bromide | KBr |
| * Potassium chlorate | KClO3 |
| * Potassium chloride | KCl |
| * Potassium chromate | K2CrO4 |
| Potassium columbate | 4K2O·3Cb2O5·16H2O |
| * Potassium cyanide | KCN |
| * Potassium dichromate | K2Cr2O7 |
| * Potassium ferricyanide | K3Fe(CN)6 |
| Potassium ferrocyanide | K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O |
| * Potassium fluoride | KF·2H2O |
| * Potassium hydroxide | KOH |
| * Potassium iodate | KIO3 |
| * Potassium iodide | KI |
| Potassium iodide starch paper |
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| * Potassium nitrate | KNO3 |
| * Potassium m-periodate | KIO4 |
| * Potassium permanganate | KMnO4 |
| Potassium persulfate | K2S2O8 |
| Potassium phosphate, monobasic | KH2PO4 |
| * Potassium pyrosulfate | K2S2O7 |
| * Potassium sulfate | K2SO4 |
| Potassium tantalum fluoride | K2TaF |
| Potassium thiocarbonate | K2CS3 |
| * Potassium thiocyanate | KSCN |
| Pyrogallic acid (pyrogallol) | C6H3-1,3-(OH)3 |
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| Quinine sulfate | (C20H24N2O2)2·H2SO4·2H2O |
| 8-Quinolinol (8-hydroxyquinoline) | HOC6H3N:CHCH:CH |
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| Sebacic acid | HOCO(CH2)8COOH |
| Selenium (powder) | Se |
| Silicon dioxide (silica) | SiO2 |
| * Silver nitrate | AgNO3 |
| Soda-lime |
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| Soda-mica mineral (CO2 absorbent) |
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| Sodium acetate | CH3COONa |
| Sodium arsenite | NaAsO2 |
| Sodium azide | NaN3 |
| * Sodium bicarbonate | NaHCO3 |
| * Sodium bismuthate | NaBiO3 |
| Sodium bisulfate | see sodium hydrogen sulfate |
| * Sodium bisulfate, fused | see sodium hydrogen sulfate, fused |
| Sodium bisulfite | NaHSO3 |
| * Sodium borate | Na2B4O7·10H2O |
| * Sodium carbonate, anhydrous | Na2CO3 |
| Sodium chlorate | NaClO3 |
| Sodium chloride | NaCl |
| Sodium citrate | HOC(COONa)(CH2COONa)2·2H2O |
| Sodium cyanide | NaCN |
| Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate | (C2H5)2NCSSNa·3H2O |
| Sodium dimethylglyoximate | CH3C(:NONa)C(:NONa)CH3·8H2O |
| Sodium diphenylamine sulfonate | C6H5NHC6H4-4-SO3Na |
| Sodium dithionite (hydrosulfite) | Na2S2O4 |
| * Sodium fluoride | NaF |
| Sodium hydrogen sulfate | NaHSO4 |
| Sodium hydrogen sulfate, fused | A mixture of Na2S2O7 and NaHSO4 |
| * Sodium hydroxide | NaOH |
| Sodium hypophosphite | NaH2PO2·H2O |
| Sodium molybdate | Na2MoO4·2H2O |
| Sodium nitrate | NaNO3 |
| Sodium nitrite | NaNO2 |
| Sodium oxalate | NaOCOCOONa |
| Sodium perchlorate | NaClO4 |
| Sodium peroxide | Na2O2 |
| Sodium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous | Na2HPO4 |
| Sodium pyrophosphate | Na4P2O7·10H2O |
| Sodium pyrosulfate | Na2S2O7 |
| Sodium sulfate, anhydrous | Na2SO4 |
| Sodium sulfide | Na2S·9H2O |
| Sodium sulfite | Na2SO3·7H2O |
| Sodium sulfite, anhydrous | Na2SO3 |
| Sodium thiocyanate | NaSCN |
| * Sodium thiosulfate | Na2S2O3·5H2O |
| * Sodium tungstate | Na2WO4·2H2O |
| * Stannous chloride | SnCl2·2H2O |
| * Starch | (C6H10O5)x |
| Succinic acid | HOCOCH2CH2COOH |
| Sulfamic acid | NH2SO3H |
| Sulfatoceric acid (ceric sulfate) | H4Ce(SO4)4 |
| 5-Sulfosalicylic acid | 2-HOC6H3-1-COOH-5-SO3H·2H2O |
| Sulfur dioxide gas | SO2 |
| * Sulfuric acidA | H2SO4 |
| * Sulfurous acidA | H2SO3 |
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| Talc |
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| * Tartaric acid | HOCO(CHOH)2COOH |
| Test lead | Pb |
| Tetrapropylammonium hydroxide | (CH3CH2CH2)4NOH |
| Thioglycollic acid (mercaptoacetic acid) | CH2SHCOOH |
| Thiourea | NH2CSNH2 |
| Tin metal (99.9 %min) | Sn |
| Titanium dioxide | TiO2 |
| Titanium metal (low Sn) | Ti |
| Triethanolamine (2,2′,2"-nitrilotriethanol) | (CH2OHCH2)3N |
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| Uranium oxide | U3O8 |
| * Uranyl nitrate | UO2(NO3)2·6H2O |
| Urea | NH2CONH2 |
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| Zinc (99.9 % min) | Zn |
| Zinc metal (S-free) | Zn |
| Zinc oxide | ZnO |
| Zinc sulfate | ZnSO4·7H2O |
| Zirconium oxide | ZrO2 |
| Zirconium metal | Zr |
| Zirconyl chloride | ZrOCl2·8H2O |
† ACS specification exists but does not cover all requirements.
For concentration of laboratory reagent, see Table 2.
4.2 It is assumed that the users of these practices will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly-equipped laboratory.
Scope
1.1 These practices cover laboratory apparatus and reagents that are required for the chemical analysis of metals, ores and related materials by standard methods of ASTM. Detailed descriptions of recommended apparatus and detailed instructions for the preparation of standard solutions and certain nonstandardized reagents will be found listed or specified in the individual methods of analysis. Included here are general recommendations on the purity of reagents and protective measures for the use of hazardous reagents.
1.2 These recommendations are intended to apply to the ASTM methods of chemical analysis of metals when definite reference is made to these practices, as covered in Section 4.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards are given in Section 8.
Note 1: The use of the verb “shall” (with its obligatory third person meaning) in this standard has been confined to those aspects of laboratory safety where regulatory requirements are known to exist. Such regulations, however, are beyond the scope of these practices.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
